Showing posts with label C.I.A Documents. Show all posts
Showing posts with label C.I.A Documents. Show all posts

Monday, October 1, 2012

Beyond Dutroux ties to 1950s-era CIA covert operation


Beyond Dutroux ties to 1950s-era CIA covert operation 
Plus: the mysterious "Dr. Green" identified November 25, 2009
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Contents
Round and round
Incredible parallels; cameras and mirrors
Mind Control history 101
MK-ULTRA subproject x: sexual blackmail
Integrating Claudia Mullen into timeline
I give you... "Dr. Green" aka Luther Wilson Greene
Summary
Round and round Amazing, without really wanting it, I keep looping back to the things I wrote down in the Beyond Dutroux and Nebula articles.
If you didn't know it already, I seem to have an interest in anything that is unorthodox. A couple of months ago, having been done with this site and having a break from regular studies, I was reading and summarizing the work of Dr. Brian Weiss, Dr. Michael Newton, Dr. Joe Slate, etc. all at the forefront of - yes - reincarnation therapy (and let's not forget the work of Dr. Ian Stevenson). As a result I wanted to understand more about how hypnosis and trance states work - so I looked at Amazon and about the only somewhat interesting book I found had been written in 1990 by a Doctor named D. Corydon Hammond entitled Handbook of Hypnotic Suggestions and Metaphors.
This is funny, because Dr. Hammond appears in footnote 300 of my Beyond Dutroux article. As one of the top people in the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and one of the world's foremost experts in the field, it's interesting that two years after publishing the book mentioned above, Hammond held an apparently totally-off-the-wall speech to therapists of child and ritual abuse.
Hammond, who has worked with thousands of clients, spoke about a clandestine intelligence group which since the end of World War II had been trying to create a mind-controlled assassin, i.e. so-called "Manchurian Candidate". The basic idea behind mind control is to create multiple personalities in a subject, causing a psychological disorder known as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).
Not much has been published on this subject, so there may be ways that are not known by the public, but one sure way to create multiple personalities reliably is as follows: take a young child and you expose it to the most horrific sexual and physical abuse imaginable. Do that and you can start playing around with all the different, individual personalities.
This was not a problem, according to Dr. Hammond, as the main person overseeing this research was a scientist, a "Dr. Green", who had done this type of experiments for the Nazis. At the end of World War II, he was brought over to the United States by the group that would soon form the CIA (and who has been familiar with ISGP's writings knows it was only FDR and public opinion that kept this group from working with the Nazis against communism).
Ironically, the scientist in question had a Jewish background and while doing his experimenting, he inserted a lot of Cabalist symbolism in his programming. Over the years this programming became very complex and even dangerous to work with for "deprogramming" therapists. Dr. Hammond had picked up on this and tried to explain the process to fellow therapists back in 1992.
In his 1992 speech, Dr. Hammond did not identify the "Dr. Green" or "Greenbaum" who was doing most of the programming. As I had no real interest to dive very deep in mind control research, because of the stigma attached to it and because of all the nonsense in the traditional conspiracy community, I didn't look further and focused on other cases that had possible ties to the Dutroux X-Dossier case; Finders, Michael Aquino, the Franklin Affair, Craig Spence, etc.
Because I did my best to stay clear of going back to anything related to ISGP, I did not buy Hammond's book and in fact, went to do something entirely different. Another month went by when I asked a person for some of his David Guetta music. Besides David Guetta, I ended up receiving the work of band called Muse. Now, Muse is a band that I find incredibly boring. The only thing interesting about it is that they have numbers with names as "Exogenesis" and "MK-ULTRA". Laughing about this a bit, I typed in "MK-ULTRA" in Youtube... and there we went again.
Incredible parallels; cameras and mirrors 
For some reason I had never seen the testimonies of Claudia S. Mullen, Christine DeNicola Ebner and their therapist Valerie Wolf in front of the Presidential Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments in March of 1995. Mullen and Ebner claimed to have been victims of sexual abuse and mind control, a program apparently overseen by many of the same persons who were involved in illegal radiation experiments on unwitting victims. These testimonies were not given any attention in the press, but in context of the Beyond Dutroux article they are extremely interesting.
In Beyond Dutroux we cited X1 as having said:
"In Brussels there was a villa in which a room was set up with built-in cameras. Even in the 1970s these cameras were so discrete that only the people who maintained them and the child- prostitutes knew where they were located... Why did I had to get those guys clearly in the picture, why was I supposed to get them to hit me and brutally rape me? Why was 'regular' sex often not enough?... Blackmail, the word that was never mentioned, I only started to really understand when I was thirteen, fourteen years old...
"The pimps also had another tactic. They invited a person who could be useful to them. They went to dine with him, and took him - after he had been liquored up - to a 'party'. Men from the top layer of society are used to visiting or getting offered prostitutes. They usually knew that something like this would follow, and the prostitutes they would see upon entering would be slightly older girls, between 16 [sexually mature in Belgium] and 18 years old. More booze and cocaine would be supplied, for ambience. And only then the 'prey' would be taken to a room where a younger girl was waiting, like me, then."
Not mentioned previously on this site, but brought to my attention by the person who created a Youtube film for ISGP's Beyond Dutroux, is the following statement by X1:
"Don't get me wrong. I took part in a lot of murderous orgies (as a forced child prostitute), but more often in orgies that had no aim except blackmail. The hard core consisted of about forty people, at most. There were a few hundred blackmail victims, perhaps thousands. What I find most serious is that these people have kept quiet. What did they do that was so bad? They slept a few times with a 15- or 16-year-old girl sometimes not even consciously and they know that there are photos. Why don't they speak? Why don't they help?"
When listening to the testimony of Claudia S. Mullen about an event that took place in 1959, you can hear the following:
"The next year, I was sent to a place in Maryland called Deep Creek Cabins to learn how "to sexually please men." Also, I was taught how to coerce them into talking about themselves. It
Mullen
Claudia Mullen, during committee hearing.
was Richard Helms, who was Deputy Director of the CIA; Dr. Gottlieb; Captain George White and Morse Allen, who all planned on filming as many high government and agency officials and heads of academic institutions and foundations as possible; so that later, when the funding for mind control and radiation started to dwindle, projects would continue. I was used to entrap many unwitting men, including themselves, all with the use of a hidden camera. I was only 9 years old when this kind of sexual humiliation began."

Mullen provided more details in a follow-up interview:

"The CIA kept hotel rooms in two of the best hotels in New Orleans,
and year around, they kept a suite. It was unique in that it had two bedrooms and one bedroom was where they kept the hidden cameras and I was actually shown the hidden cameras by three men who handled that part of it. They called him Captain George White - he was formerly a doctor. He used to be in the narcotics squad in California and then he became a doctor, and joined the CIA. And then there were two other men who worked with him. They would put me with the subjects who would be filmed (the men) and then when the men would come into town -- I am talking about local politicians, government officials -- anybody who they needed to possibly get something on, keep on file for future reference -- should they need to coerce this person into supporting the projects. Senators, congressmen, anything like that -- if they were in town, they were given this room. They had no reason to think there was anything strange about the room. It didn't look any different than any other room -- it was just one of the better suites in the two hotels. ...
"When I was first told this I was nine and I went to the Deep Creek Cabins in Maryland. That's when I was taught I was going to be part of this project, I had been accepted into this project, that I had been accepted into this project that would help the government stop Communism..."
Well, aren't that some interesting parallels?
Mind Control history 101
A lot of people might be skeptical that so called "mind control" research has taken place. Rest assured, this is a fact. Details came out in the 1970s and were mentioned in the major newspapers, as well as several investigative committees that were set up at the time.
The vast majority of files on mind control were destroyed by outgoing CIA director Richard Helms in 1973. A large chunk of other files have never been released and it's entirely possible that research has continued without anyone knowing who is doing it and how the research is carried out.
What we do know is that serious, operational research on hypnotic programming began around World War II. Two psychologists who proved it was possible to hypnotize soldiers and make them carry hidden messages, change their political convictions, or even to make them attack their friends, were G.H. Estabrooks and John G. Watson. Here are three examples which have been given by Estabrooks over the years:
Example 1:
"During World War II, I worked this technique with a vulnerable Marine lieutenant I’ll call Jones. Under the watchful eye of Marine intelligence I split his personality into Jones A and Jones B. Jones A, once a 'normal' working Marine, became entirely different. He talked communist doctrine and meant it. He was welcomed enthusiastically by communist cells, and was deliberately given a dishonorable discharge by the Corps (which was in on the plot) and became a card-carrying party member. All I had to do was hypnotize the whole man, get in touch with Jones B, the loyal American, and I had a pipeline straight into the Communist camp." ...
Example 2:
"The ‘hypnotic courier’ provides a unique solution. I was involved in preparing army subjects during World War II. One successful case involved an Army Captain. He was an excellent subject but did not realize it. I removed from him, by post hypnotic suggestion, all recollection of ever having been hypnotized. I put him under deep hypnosis, and gave him – orally – a vital message to be delivered directly on his arrival in Japan to a certain colonel – let's say his name was Brown – of military intelligence. Outside of myself, Colonel Brown was the only person who could hypnotize Captain Smith. This is 'locking.' I performed it by saying to the captain, ‘We will use the phrase ‘the moon is clear.' Whenever you hear this phrase from Brown or myself you will pass instantly into deep hypnosis.' When Captain Smith re-awakened, he had no conscious memory of what happened in trance. The system is virtually foolproof."
Example 3:
"In deep hypnosis the subject, military or civilian, can be given a message to be delivered to say Colonel X in Berlin. The message will be perfectly safe because the subject will have no memory in the waking state as to the message. It can be arranged that the subject will have no knowledge of ever having been hypnotized. It can be arranged that no one beside Colonel X in Berlin can hypnotize the subject and recover the message….I will take a number of men and will establish in them through the use of hypnotism the condition of split personality. Consciously they will be ardent Communists, fanatical adherents to the party line. Unconsciously they will be loyal Americans determined to thwart the Communists at every turn. These men will have no knowledge of ever having been hypnotized, and can only be hypnotized by such persons as the original operator may choose. Consciously they will associate with the Communists and learn all their plans. Once every month they, as loyal Americans, will tell what they know. This sounds unbelievable, but I assure you, it will work."
John Watson also hypnotized a number of Marines around the time of World War II. He showed that it was possible to hypnotize a Marine and make him believe a friend or superior officer is an enemy that must be attacked or even killed.
It appears that members of the OSS (the later CIA) picked up on these successes and by the late 1940s had begun to set up their own programs. The first was BLUEBIRD, followed by ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA and MKSEARCH. Below is a list of Mind Control (related) programs and the dates that they were active.
CHATTER (Navy program to interrogate enemy)1947-1953
BLUEBIRD1950-1951
ARTICHOKE1951-1953
MKNAOMI (germ warfare contract with Army)1952-1969
MKDELTA (operational side of ULTRA)1952-1964
MKULTRA1953-1964
MKSEARCH1964-1972
It's important to note that within these "mind control" projects there were hundreds of subprojects. They could deal with hypnosis, but just as well with hallucinogens, chemicals, radiation, electricity, brain implants, overall brain research and experimentation, or other things that could directly or indirectly influence the functioning of the brains.
Many scientists were approached by the CIA to conduct this type of research. Among them were Sidney Gottlieb, James Hamilton, Louis Jolyon West, Ewen Cameron, Robert Heath, William Sweet, Harold Wolff, Martin Orne, Jose Delgado, and many more. None of these scientists have admitted, however, that it is possible to create a spy or assassin by means of hypnosis. Their predecessor, Estabrooks, is the only one who has taken a clear stance on this:
"The key to creating an effective spy or assassin rests in splitting a man’s personality, or creating multipersonality, with the aid of hypnotism. This is not science fiction. This has and is being done. I have done it. ...
MK-ULTRA subproject x: sexual blackmail 
Mind Control research is interesting, of course. The same goes for some of the immoral chemical and radiation experiments. But of particular interest here is an MKULTRA subproject ran by George White, a former lieutenant colonel in the OSS who after the war had become active again in the narcotics squad.
White had been approached by Sidney Gottlieb, head of the CIA's TSS department and the MKULTRA project, in 1953. He was given a lavish apartment in New York City and was asked to invite all kinds of people - a lot of them preselected - so he could slip them a variety of drugs. The media has generally presented White's apartments as an operation to test all the different drugs Gottlieb's CIA lab was producing, and although this may be true, the more important purpose here appears to have been to find ways to make people give up their secrets. White started out with drugging criminals and mafia figures, but whether this was the intent from the beginning or not, the project soon evolved into one continuous entrapment operation (and apparently involving more than just KGB officers). John Marks in his 1978 book 'The Search for the Manchurian Candidate' wrote in remarkable detail about this operation:
"In CIA jargon, White became MKULTRA subproject #3. Under this arrangement, White rented two adjacent Greenwich Village apartments, posing as the sometime artist and seaman "Morgan Hall." White agreed to lure guinea pigs to the "safehouse"—as the Agency men called the apartments—slip them drugs, and report the results to Gottlieb and the others in TSS. For its part, the CIA let the Narcotics Bureau use the place for undercover activities (and often for personal pleasure) whenever no Agency work was scheduled, and the CIA paid all the bills, including the cost of keeping a well-stocked liquor cabinet—a substantial bonus for White. Gottlieb personally handed over the first $4,000 in cash, to cover the initial costs of furnishing the safehouse in the lavish style that White felt befitted him.
"Gottlieb did not limit his interest to drugs. He and other TSS officials wanted to try out surveillance equipment. CIA technicians quickly installed see-through mirrors and microphones through which eavesdroppers could film, photograph, and record the action."Things go wrong with listening devices and two-way mirrors, so you build these things to find out what works and what doesn't," says a TSS source. "If you are going to entrap, you've got to give the guy pictures [flagrante delicto] and voice recordings. Once you learn how to do it so that the whole thing looks comfortable, cozy, and safe, then you can transport the technology overseas and use it." This TSS man notes that the Agency put to work in the bedrooms of Europe some of the techniques developed in the George White safehouse operation."
In 1955, White moved his operation to an apartment in San Francisco. He turned it into another playboy-style mansion and again had several prostitutes working for him. He soon became regional head of the Bureau of Narcotics and could largely do whatever he pleased. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, Dr. John Gittinger and Dr. James Hamilton were among those who regularly spent time at the apartment of White to observe the operations (and seemingly also for a lot of pleasure). Next to the drug experiments, it was especially Hamilton who had a specific focus on "deviant sexual practices". We now extensively quote from Marks's book again:
"To supplement the furniture he brought from the New York safehouse, he went out and bought items that gave the place the air of the brothel it was to become: Toulouse Lautrec posters, a picture of a French cancan dancer, and photos of manacled women in black stockings. ...
"TSS officials wanted to find out everything they could about how to apply sex to spying, and the prostitute project became a general learning and then training ground for CIA carnal operations. After all, states one TSS official, "We did quite a study of prostitutes and their behavior.... At first nobody really knew how to use them. How do you train them? How do you work them? How do you take a woman who is willing to use her body to get money out of a guy to get things which are much more important, like state secrets. I don't care how beautiful she is—educating the ordinary prostitute up to that level is not a simple task."
"The TSS men continually tried to refine their knowledge. They realized that prostitutes often wheedled extra money out of a customer by suggesting some additional service as male orgasm neared. They wondered if this might not also be a good time to seek sensitive information. "But no," says the source, "we found the guy was focused solely on hormonal needs. He was not thinking of his career or anything else at that point." The TSS experts discovered that the postsexual, light-up-acigarette period was much better suited to their ulterior motives. Says the source:
"Most men who go to prostitutes are prepared for the fact that [after the act] she's beginning to work to get herself out of there, so she can get back on the street to make some more money. . . . To find a prostitute who is willing to stay is a hell of a shock to anyone used to prostitutes. It has a tremendous effect on the guy. It's a boost to his ego if she's telling him he was really neat, and she wants to stay for a few more hours.... Most of the time, he gets pretty vulnerable. What the hell's he going to talk about? Not the sex, so he starts talking about his business. It's at this time she can lead him gently. But you have to train prostitutes to do that. Their natural inclination is to do exactly the opposite.
"The men from MKULTRA learned a great deal about varying sexual preferences. One of them says: We didn't know in those days about hidden sadism and all that sort of stuff. We learned a lot about human nature in the bedroom. We began to understand that when people wanted sex, it wasn't just what we had thought of—you know, the missionary position.... We started to pick up knowledge that could be used in operations, but with a lot of it we never figured out any way to use it operationally. We just learned.... All these ideas did not come to us at once. But evolving over three or four years in which these studies were going on, things emerged which we tried. Our knowledge of prostitutes' behavior became pretty damn good. . . . This comes across now that somehow we were just playing around and we just found all these exotic ways to waste the taxpayers' money on satisfying our hidden urges. I'm not saying that watching prostitutes was not exciting or something like that. But what I am saying was there was a purpose to the whole business.
"In the best tradition of Mata Hari, the CIA did use sex as a clandestine weapon, although apparently not so frequently as the Russians. While many in the Agency believed that it simply did not work very well, others like CIA operators in Berlin during the mid-1960s felt prostitutes could be a prime source of intelligence. Agency men in that city used a network of hookers to good advantage—or so they told visitors from headquarters. Yet, with its high proportion of Catholics and Mormons— not to mention the Protestant ethic of many of its top leaders—the Agency definitely had limits beyond which prudery took over. For instance, a TSS veteran says that a good number of case officers wanted no part of homosexual entrapment operations. And to go a step further, he recalls one senior KGB man who told too many sexual jokes about young boys. "It didn't take too long to recognize that he was more than a little fascinated by youths," says the source. "I took the trouble to point out he was probably too good, too well-trained, to be either entrapped or to give away secrets. But he would have been tempted toward a compromising position by a preteen. I mentioned this, and they said, 'As a psychological observer, you're probably quite right. But what the hell are we going to do about it? Where are we going to get a twelve-year-old boy?' " The source believes that if the Russian had had a taste for older men, U.S. intelligence might have mounted an operation, "but the idea of a twelve-year-old boy was just more than anybody could stomach.""
This all happened in the years after the San Francisco apartment had been furnished in 1955. Judging from John Marks's book, it clearly was realized that videotaping a person having sex with an underaged child is one of the most effective ways of entrapment. However, it is also obvious that the vast majority of people in and outside the CIA would never get themselves involved in such criminal and immoral operations. But does this also go for the CIA leadership?
Integrating Claudia Mullen into timeline 
So, in the 1955, 56, 57 period we have Gottlieb, White, Gittinger, Hamilton doing their first experiments with sexual entrapment operations, apparently learning (getting inspired?) about all kinds of "sadistic" and "deviant sexual practices", and apparently also facing their first dilemma of whether or not to use child prostitutes.
A lot of question arise now. Would they actually go as far as to use children? If so, did they create another subproject? If they created this subproject, did they put anything on paper? If they did, was it part of the stash that Richard Helms destroyed in 1972? And also, would this subproject be restricted to entrapping important communist agents or life and death situations only?
All questions that we can't answer for certain. What we can do is that Claudia Mullen has testified that in the 1957-1958 period she, as a victim of sexual abuse, was brought to Gottlieb's CIA crowd by the leadership of Tulane University in New Orleans. A number of doctors tested her intelligence, the way she responded sexually, how obedient she was, how much pain she could endure, and a number of other things. Then in 1959 this group brought her to the rather remote Deep Creek Cabins in Maryland, where her training as a child prostitute began. Each time she went, she was with a group of 75 other kids.
During the 1960s and maybe 1970s she was regularly used to entrap important officials. Two of them she mentioned: Senator Frank Church, who in 1975 was chairman of one of the most important committees ever to investigate CIA wrongdoing; and Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana, who in the 1966-1967 period supported district attorney Jim Garrison in his search for the real murderers of president John F. Kennedy.
Senator Frank ChurchMullen: Was filmed doing something incriminating. Apparently he needed to keep the funds going and protect the illegal CIA projects when the investigations began in 1975. 

Born in 1924. Democrat. Lawyer until 1956. U.S. senator from Idaho 1957-1981. Chairman Church Committee in 1975-1976, which investigated a whole range of alleged illegal activities of the CIA (and FBI), both foreign and domestic. Domestic spying and covert action, assassinating foreign leaders, assassinating JFK, illegal radiation and chemical experiments, MK-ULTRA, Mockingbird, etc. - everything would potentially be investigated by this committee. Sought the Democratic nomination for president, but withdrew in favor of Jimmy Carter. Chairman Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1979-1981. Partner in the firm Whitman & Ransom, Washington, 1981-1984.
Senator Russell B. LongMullen: "There was a Senator from Louisiana that I was with a couple of times. ... They had to do that [shock treatments], because I couldn't go home remembering that I had just been with Senator Long or somebody like that. ... He was kind of old, but apparently he was on one of the committees that was checking up on the CIA. They were always being checked on ... that's what they told me. " 

Born in 1918. Democrat. Served to lieutenant US Navy, 1942-45; participated invasions of Sicily, Anzio, Southern France. Sole practice, Baton Rouge, 1946-1947. Associate Long & West, 1946-1948. Executive counsel State of Louisiana, 1948. Elected senator U.S. Senate 1948-1987. Assistant majority leader 1965-1968. February 22, 1967, Des Moines Register, 'Kennedy Probe Hailed by Lane': "Senator Russell B. Long (Dem.), La. said Tuesday he is convinced District Attorney Jim Garrison of New Orleans has "some information the Warren Commission didn't have" about a possible conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. Long, the assistant Democratic leader in the Senate, told an informal news conference he had discussed the possibility of a conspiracy with Garrison at length on a plane trip last October. "He asked me not to tell the FBI what he was doing and I didn't," Long said." February 24, 1967, Lowell Sun, 'Only Dist. Atty. Garrison Holds Key to "JFK Assassination Plot': "LATER he [Garrison] talked it over with U.S. Sen. Russell B. Long, D-La. the Senate Democratic whip. Long told him he had his own doubts about the Warren Report, notably the sequence of firing of the shots that killed Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas."
Mullen has accused everyone that was involved in George White's sexual entrapment organization. She also gave the names of Stephen Aldrich and Morse Allen, who, like Gottlieb, were equally involved in overseeing the mind control programs. Here is a list of names that Mullen gave and what they allegedly did to her. The second witness, Christina Denicola Ebner, could only verify having seen Dr. Wilson Greene. She was not involved in this network to the extent Mullen was.
Dr. Stephen AldrichPart of the group that did tests on Mullen. 

The CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology-specifically its Office of Research and Development (ORD)-did not remain idle after Director McCone transferred the behavioral research function in 1962. In ORD, Dr. Stephen Aldrich, a graduate of Amherst and Northwestern Medical School, took over the role that Morse Allen and then Sid Gottlieb had played before him. Aldrich had been the medical director of the Office of Scientific Intelligence back in the days when that office was jockeying with Morse Allen for control of ARTICHOKE, so he was no stranger to the programs. Under his leadership, ORD officials kept probing for ways to control human behavior, and they were doing so with space-age technology that made the days of MKULTRA look like the horse-and-buggy era. If man could get to the moon by the end of the 1960s, certainly the well-financed scientists of ORD could make a good shot at conquering inner space. They brought their technology to bear on subjects like the electric stimulation of the brain. They actively experimented with placing electrodes in the brain of animals and—probably— men. Then they used electric and radio signals to move their subjects around. Little to nothing is known about their achievements.

Read more HERE

Tuesday, May 1, 2012

The C.I.A and JFK; A Heritage of Stone



             Conspiracy for the Day -- July 22, 1993
            ===========================================
                    ("Quid coniuratio est?")

-----------------------------------------------------------------

The following is from *A Heritage of Stone* by Jim Garrison:
[Excerpts]

"All superstates engaged in efforts to gain power must maintain
extensive domestic intelligence operations at home. They must
seek to maintain control of individuals and ideas lest their
international war adventures lose the support of the populace at
home. That the domestic espionage operation may be illegal
according to the law of the land is irrelevant. The issue is
power, immense power, and it is not one which can be encompassed
in a single courtroom and in a single trial."

"The use of the coup d'etat -- the murder of a leader by forces
within his own government -- is as old as government, as old as
the struggle of men for power. From modern intelligence agency
techniques, however, there has come a new refinement. Through the
employment of cover devices and the controlled dissemination of
information, the role of the government in assassinations can be
effectively concealed."

"No one wants to recognize that somewhere along the line America
has ceased to be the home of the brave and the land of the free,
and that only in after-dinner speeches is it still the sweet land
of liberty. No one wants to recognize that there are assassins at
work in the land, systematically eliminating men who speak out
for the human race and for the future. No one wants to admit that
in America peace is a dangerous business. Better to have the
assassinations accompanied by wafer-thin deceptions, eagerly
accepted one after the other, than to have to face the truth."

"[When President Kennedy was murdered,] Americans were not yet
aware that deception had become a craft in their country, that an
intricate contrivance of men for the clandestine production of
illusion had become not only a part of but also manipulator of
America, its policies and its people. In the past, according to
the American tradition, evil was something which could be seen
and recognized. In our folklore, evil wore a low-slung gun,
confronted you in the open and was defeated by a virtuous heart
and a quicker draw."

"The assassination of President Kennedy demonstrated that many
people will believe the most unlikely inventions rather than
confront the fact that their government is lying to them. These
people have become conditioned to official announcements as rocks
of reality, and it is painful for them to consider that these
rocks are without substance."

"No matter how idealistic are the foundations of a government or
how virtuous its previous history, its accumulation of excessive
power transforms it into the superstate. The superstate is an
organism committed to maintaining its tremendous power in the
face of truth, in the face of history. The technicians of the
superstate, ignoring morality and the lessons of history, will
protect the superstate with whatever deception or destruction is
necessary."

"The superstate's rationale for attacking the truth will always
be national security, but the real reason is the preservation of
power. Its use of authority to defeat reason is undoubtedly
mankind's oldest way of winning a feud. Such use of authority
continues to be effective whenever the people have become
isolated from the government and cannot control it."

"In the superstate a witness offering substantive evidence is not
a necessity but merely a convenience. Consequently the quality of
the testimony of a witness is of no great importance. That can be
taken care of later by a press release or a government
announcement..."

"An individual cannot cope with the unseen forces of the
superstate. His perception is limited by his assumption that
things are as they appear to be and by his belief that he is
living in a world in which evil is easily recognized and in which
inhumanity is not tolerated by the law."

"The superstate is deaf to human voices, remote and unreachable;
its lethal machinery is hidden behind a masque of officials
uttering reassuring phrases."

"The effect of power upon men of honor is as old as the murder of
leaders for the acquisition of power. Since the beginning of
recorded time, the thwarting of justice has been virtually the
exclusive province of honorable men... All that is required for
distinguished men to participate in a crime is for them to be
able to rationalize that there is a higher virtue than justice
and that they will be serving this higher virtue. After that,
they can carry on their assignment with dignity, whether it be
merely the concealment of truth from the nation or actual
genocide. The most effective rationale to justify the destruction
of justice is the excuse of national security."

"Although the CIA was represented to the American people as
engaged in activities outside of the United States, it also
operated as a powerful secret police agency within the United
States. The primary activity of the CIA was deception -- not
merely red-blooded, patriotic deception of foreign people, but
domestic deception as well. The CIA also had developed skills in
the art of political assassination. The trademark of the CIA
assassination was that it never looked as if the CIA had done
it."

"The main reason for the inability of the American people and the
press to recognize the conspiracy to kill President Kennedy was
the fact that its operations all occurred in another dimension, a
dimension which generally is not known to exist in our nation.
Few Americans are aware that one of the by-products of the cold
war has been the development of a huge intelligence structure
within their country. This invisible monster serves not the
American people but the warfare complex. Its capabilities go far
beyond the gathering of secret information and embrace a variety
of services ranging from murder to the creation of misinformation
to be fed to the press to a multitude of refinements of thought
control. The rationale for its existence in an ostensibly open
society is national security, although it is difficult to
conceive of any greater threat to the security of a democracy
than a clandestine government agency which specializes in
deceiving the public."

"The invisibility of its domestic intelligence apparatus typifies
the modern warfare state's tyranny, which is also invisible to
the populace. Not only are most of the people unaware of the
repressive capabilities of their government but, to the contrary,
many of them believe that freedom flourishes. They are enjoying
their economic benefits and consider restrictions of individual
rights as negligible. The people are reminded that, to use former
President Johnson's words, they never had it so good. The
opponents of the warfare state must fight the war apparatus
without expecting widespread understanding of what is happening
by those around them. The apparatus victims are assumed to be
victims of fate. Heart attacks, falls, shootings by 'deranged'
men and dozens of other kinds of misadventures are skillfully
wrought by technicians of the warfare state to eliminate its
enemies without disturbing the lethargy of the multitude."

{Garrison, Jim. *A Heritage of Stone*. New York: G.P. Putnam's
   Sons, 1970}

-----------------------------------------------------------------

 Brian Francis Redman bigxc@prairienet.org "The Big C"
--------------------------------------------------------------
"Justice" = "Just us" = "History is written by the assassins."
--------------------------------------------------------------

The C.I.A And Bush


THE KENNEDY FILES: THE GEORGE BUSH CONNECTION

In this day and age when some people can not even name the president
of the United States, it is not the least bit surprising that most
have no knowledge of George Bush's possible connections to the Kennedy
assassination. The relationship has its roots in Bush's "former"
employment with the CIA. As CIA agents have been quoted in the past,
you never really leave the Agency.

 THE CIA DID IT!

Many researchers place the blame for the murder of John F. Kennedy on
the CIA. The easiest way to clear the mafia or other non-governmental
groups is to look at the massive cover-up that the government has
participated in over the years. If mafia boss Carlos Marcello had
really ordered the hit, could he have had the CIA and FBI suppress so
much evidence from the public for so long? Could he have had the
normal security lowered for the assassination? Could he have had the
Washington D.C. phone system knocked out of order for an hour right
as the shooting took place? Could he have convinced the Warren
Commission to release such an idiotic official version of the murder?
Of course not. The set-up and cover-up had to take place INSIDE of
the government, not outside.

The CIA seemed to have the most (and best) motives for the elimination
of Kennedy. During the Eisenhower presidency, the CIA came up with a
plan to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. The thought was that the
citizens would hear of the attack and join in to overthrow Castro.
Former Cubans were trained by the CIA and the U.S. government fur-
nished them with weapons and transportation. Since it was near the
end of his administration, Eisenhower put the plan on hold so the
new president would not have to deal with any problems which might
arise from the mission.

Upon entering office Kennedy decided that the plan's requirement of 16
planes would obviously reveal American backing of the plot. The plan
had hoped that American involvement would not become known to the
world. The use of 16 planes would make American backing obvious to
everyone. Kennedy cut the number of planes down to six. As the date
of the invasion neared, Kennedy decided against the plan and announced
in the press that the United States would not invade Cuba with the
military.

The CIA went ahead with the plan and quickly found that things were
not going as they had hoped for. They asked for more planes but were
told they would have to be held back until the forces captured a Cuban
airport. Then, the planes could be sent and the explanation would be
that they were captured planes which the rebels had put into use. The
CIA-backed rebels never got that far and were quickly defeated. The
citizens of Cuba never joined them in the fight. The CIA, as has been
revealed in books by participants, blamed Kennedy for the defeat. The
books and papers reveal a deep hatred for the imagined betrayal.

Later, Kennedy formed a panel to keep him informed as to what was
going on in Vietnam. American involvement was still low at this
point but Kennedy was worried. He has been quoted as saying he could
not justify sending American boys half-way around the world to fight
communism when it existed just south of Florida in Cuba. One of the
panel's members was Allen Dulles, head of the CIA. Kennedy caught
him in various lies and fired him. The fact that the CIA had kept
training Cubans for another invasion until Kennedy finally sent in
FBI agents to break up their camps and confiscate their weapons was
another reason for the dismissal. Other high-ranking CIA officials
were fired, too, including the brother of Dallas' mayor. Kennedy
changed the operating procedure of the CIA so they would have to get
approval for any future covert actions from Robert Kennedy.

Due to persistent problems with the CIA and their continual involve-
ment in matters which were not their concern, Kennedy declared that
he was going to shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter
them to the winds. Even former president Truman, who had created
the CIA, expressed concerns about their behavior. Kennedy was
apparently going to leave their destruction until after the next
election but did start withdrawing troops from Vietnam, much to the
dislike of the CIA. One of Johnson's first moves after he replaced
Kennedy as president was to increase American involvement in Vietnam.
It seems he owned an airline company that was contracted to fly troops
back and forth across the Pacific Ocean, but that is another matter.

Later, E. Howard Hunt, on behalf of the CIA, faked cables to implicate
John F. Kennedy in the assassination of South Vietnam's president, Ngo
Dinh Diem. So, it is apparent that the CIA disliked Kennedy and had
the means to set-up and cover-up the assassination. Now, it is known
that they convinced the Warren Commission that the Soviet Union and
Cuba had murdered Kennedy. They scared the members into believing
that revealing this to the American public would result in a nuclear
war in which millions would be killed. To further this theory, they
produced fake evidence showing that Oswald had visited the Soviet and
Cuban embassies in Mexico to arrange the killing and escape. The head
of the CIA operations in Mexico has since admitted that no such real
evidence ever existed. A Warren Commission investigator has admitted
that they acted to save millions by sacrificing one man (Oswald).

The job was not too hard to pull off since former CIA-head Allen
Dulles was a member of the Commission. He was the only one to attend
more than half of the hearings and was also in charge of deciding
what intelligence data was seen by the other members. President
Johnson didn't seem to find it strange to appoint the man that
Kennedy had fired to investigate his hated former boss' murder.

 SO HOW DOES BUSH FIT IT?

Although he denies it, there is a growing body of evidence that George
Bush was working for the CIA as early as 1961. Many feel he was
actually recruited during his college days (which is when he joined
the Skull and Bones Society, a front for the Illuminati). Bush claims
to have been working for his own oil company during the early 1960's.
It would make for a convenient front since he claims to have been off-
shore on drilling rigs for weeks at a time. The rigs were located all
over the world. Was he really on the rigs or was he running around on
CIA business? The various biographies of Bush are all sketchy on this
phase of his life.

During this time, Bush had moved to HOUSTON, Texas. His wife was,
of course, BARBARA. His oil company was ZAPATA Off Shore Co. (which
he named after a communist Mexican revolutionary who would invade
towns and murder every man, woman and child. Bush also named an
earlier oil company after Zapata, a questionable choice for a hero).
The code name for the Bay of Pigs invasion was Operation ZAPATA!
A former high-ranking Pentagon official, Col. Fletcher Prouty, was
the man who secured two Navy ships for the operation. He has told
of seeing the two ships repainted to non-Navy colors for the
invasion. The ships were given the new names HOUSTON and BARBARA!

Of course, maybe the names were just coincidences, but Bush was
living in Houston with Barbara and running Zapata in 1961 during
the planning of the invasion. The name "Operation Zapata" was top
secret and known only to a very few.

In 1977 and 1978, the government released nearly 100,000 pages of
documents on the Kennedy assassination. One which slipped out by
mistake was from the FBI to the State Department written a few days
after the assassination. The State Department was worried that anti-
Castro groups in Miami might stage another invasion of Cuba in the
aftermath of the JFK murder. The FBI informed them that they had
questioned both pro-Castro and anti-Castro groups and could find no
information about such plans. The memo went on to state that the
information was passed along to "George Bush of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency" the day after the assassination.

Why was the information passed along to the CIA? Probably because of
their previous invasion attempt and other planned attacks. Why George
Bush? Probably because he was involved in previous invasion plans!

When the document first surfaced no one paid much attention to it.
When the presidential campaigns began for the 1980 election then the
name George Bush caught researchers' eyes. When asked about the
memo, Bush denied working for the CIA at the time. As evidence built
that it was indeed him, the CIA claimed it was a different George Bush
although their policy had always been to neither confirm nor deny a
person's employment. The other George Bush was tracked down by
reporters and said that although he did work for the CIA at the time,
he was never involved in that sort of work. The interesting point
is that the CIA did not bother to contact the other George Bush and
inform him that reporters might soon be calling. Other evidence
surfaced that showed the George Bush mentioned in the document was
actually George H. W. Bush and had the same address as the famous
George Bush.

Another Bush connection involved George de Mohrenschildt, a rich
Russian oil man who lived in Texas when Lee Harvey Oswald settled
there after his trip to the Soviet Union. De Mohrenschildt was a
long-time CIA agent and quite possibly served as a CIA control officer
for Oswald. The Warren Commission described him and his wife as being
the two people friendliest to Oswald at the time of the assassination.
De Mohrenschildt's son-in-law told the Warren Commission that if any-
one had helped with the assassination it was most likely de Mohren-
schildt. De Mohrenschildt was also the man who moved Oswald to
Dallas.

Shortly before the House Select Committee on Assassinations started
meeting in the late 1970's a new doctor appeared in de Mohrenschildt's
town. De Mohrenschildt started seeing him and quickly became mentally
unstable. His wife convinced him to stop seeing the doctor. The
doctor then moved away and left a false forwarding address. The very
day the Committee tried to contact de Mohrenschildt about testifying,
he was found dead of a gun shot wound. His personal address book was
found and it contained the entry "Bush, George H. W. (Poppy) 1412 W.
Ohio also Zapata Petroleum Midland." Bush's full name is George
Herbert Walker Bush which matches the initials given and his earlier
oil company was named Zapata Petroleum Corp. Why was his name in de
Mohrenschildt's book? Is "Poppy" his CIA code name?

It is known that in the early 1960's de Mohrenschildt made frequent
trips to Houston, which was the location of Bush's home. He told
friends he was visiting the Brown brothers, who were close friends
and financial supporters of Lyndon Johnson. CIA documents reveal
that during the planning phase of Operation Zapata, de Mohrenschildt
made frequent trips to Mexico and Panama and gave reports to the CIA.
His son-in-law told the Warren Commission that he believed de Mohren-
schildt was spying for the planned Cuban invasion.

 A QUESTION OF CHARACTER

When Bush was picked to be director of the CIA in 1976, he testified
to Congress that he had never worked for the CIA before. Of course,
it did not make much sense to appoint a director who had no such back-
ground but Congress approved him anyway. Now it would seem that Bush
committed perjury in his congressional testimony.

George Bush was apparently high enough in the CIA to help plan the
Bay of Pigs invasion. It would probably be safe to assume that he
even named the operation and its two ships. Considering the hatred
that the CIA felt toward Kennedy over their failed mission and Bush's
involvement in that same mission, it would be quite interesting to
know what Bush's feelings toward John F. Kennedy really were and what
his full role in the assassination investigation was.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Further information on the George Bush connection may be obtained from
Mark Lane's "Plausible Denial" (Thunder's Mouth Press) and James "Bo"
Gritz's "Called To Serve." Lane's book is an excellent accounting of
the CIA's involvement (especially E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis).
Gritz (a 1992 presidential candidate) tells about many of the CIA's
questionable ventures and also about his trips to Laos to attempt
rescues of American POWs who are still held by Vietnam.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-




The C.I.A; Brainwashing (documents)


SEE NOTES AT END FOR INFO ON SOURCES OF THESE DOCUMENTS


                          CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
                             WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

                            OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR       25 APR 1956
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------


        MEMORANDUM FOR: The Honorable J. Edgar Hoover
                        Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

        SUBJECT       : Brainwashing



                The attached study on brainwashing was prepared by my
        staff in response to the increasing acute interest in the
        subject throughout the intelligence and security components
        of the Government. I feel you will find it well worth your
        personal attention. It represents the thinking of leading psy-
        chologists, psychiatrists and intelligence specialists, based
        in turn on interviews with many individuals who have had
        personal experience with Communist brainwashing, and on 
        extensive research and testing. While individuals specialists
        hold divergent views on various aspects of this most complex
        subject, I believe the study reflects a synthesis of majority
        expert opinion. I will, of course, appreciate any comments
        on it that you or your staff may have.


                                          (signed)
                                        Allen W. Dulles
                                           Director

        ENCLOSURE






                                                OA 53-37
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         A REPORT ON COMMUNIST BRAINWASHING


    The report that follows is a condensation of a study by train-
ing experts of the important classified and unclassified information
available on this subject.

BACKGROUND

   Brainwashing, as a technique, has been used for centuries and
is no mystery to psychologists. In this sense, brainwashing means
involuntary re-education of basic beliefs and values. All people
are being re-educated continually. New information changes one's
beliefs. Everyone has experienced to some degree the conflict that
ensues when new information is not consistent with prior belief.
The experience of the brainwashed individual differs in that the in-
consistent information is forced upon the individual under controlled
conditions after the possibility of critical judgment has been re-
moved by a variety of methods.

   There is no question that an individual can be broken psycholog-
ically by captors with knowledge and willingness to persist in tech-
niques aimed at deliberately destroying the integration of a  personal-
ity. Although it is probable that everyone reduced to such a  confused,
disoriented state will respond to the introduction of new beliefs, this
cannot be stated dogmatically.

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN CONTROL AND REACTION TO CONTROL

    There are progressive steps in exercising control over an individ-
ual and changing his behaviour and personality integration. The fol-
lowing five steps are typical of behaviour changes in any controlled
individual:

     1.  Making the individual aware of control is the first stage in
changing his behaviour. A small child is made aware of the physical
and psychological control of his parents and quickly recognizes that
an overwhelming force must be reckoned with. So, a controlled adult
comes to recognize the overwhelming powers of the state and the im-
personal, "incarcerative" machinery in which he is enmeshed. The in
-dividual recognizes that definite limits have been put upon the ways
he can respond.

(Approved for Release)          (62-80750-2712X)
(Date: 8 FEB 1984)





                                                OA 53-37

     2. Realization of his complete dependence upon the controll-
ing system is a major factor in the controlling of his behavior.The con-
trolled adult is forced to accept the fact that food, tobacco,praise,
and the only social contact that he will get come from the very in-
terrogator who exercises control over him.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. The awareness of control and recognition of dependence re-
sult in causing internal conflict and breakdown of previous patterns
of behaviour. Although this transition can be relatively mild in
the case of a child, it is almost invariably severe for the adult
undergoing brainwashing. Only an individual who holds his values
lightly can change them easily. Since the brainwasher-interrogators
aim to have the individuals undergo profound emotional change, they
force their victims to seek out painfully what is desired by the
controlling individual. During this period the victim is likely to
have a mental breakdown characterized by delusions and hallucinat-
ions.

     4. Discovery that there is an acceptable solution to his prob-
lem is the first stage of reducing the individual's conflict. It
is characteristically reported by victims of brainwashing that this
discovery led to an overwhelming feeling of relief that the horror
of internal conflict would cease and that perhaps they would not,
after all, be driven insane. It is at this point that they are pre-
pared to make major changes in their value-system. This is an
automatic rather than voluntary choice. They have lost their a-
bility to be critical.

    5. Reintergration of values and identification with the cont-
rolling system is the final stage in changing the behaviour of the
controlled individual. A child who has learned a new, socially de-
sirable behaviour demonstrates its importance by attempting to as-
apt the new behaviour to a variety of other situations. Similar
states in the brainwashed adult are

               (SECTION DELETED BY CIA)

                                   2


                                                OA 53-37


pitiful. His new value-system, his manner of perceiving,organizing,and
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
giving meaning to events, is virtually independent of his former value-
system.He is no longer capable of thinking or speaking in concepts other
than those he has adopted. He tends to identify by expressing thanks to
his captors for helping him see the light.Brainwashing can be achieved
without using illegal means.Anyone willing to use known principles of
control and reactions to control and capable of demonstrating the patience
needed in raising a child can probably achieve successful brainwashing.

COMMUNIST CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR EFFECTS

   A description of usual communist control techniques follows.

   1. Interrogation. There are at least two ways in which "interro-
gation" is used:
      a. Elicitation, which is designed to get the individual to
surrender protected information, is a form of interrogation. One major
difference between elicitation and interrogation used to achieve
brainwashing is that the mind of the individual must be kept clear to
permit coherent, undistorted disclosure of protected information.
      b. Elicitation for the purpose of brainwashing consists of
questioning,argument,indoctrination,threats,cajolery,praise,hos-
tility, and a variety of other pressures. The aim of this interrogation
is to hasten the breakdown of the individual's value system and to encourage
the substitution of a different value-system. The procurement of protected
information is secondary and is used as a device to increase pressure upon
the individual. The term "interrogation" in this paper will refer, in
general, to this type. The "interrogator" is the individual who conducts
this type of interrogation and who controls the administration of the other
pressures. He is the protagonist against whom the victim develops his con-
flict, and upon whom the victim develops a state of dependency as he seeks
some solution to his conflict.

   2. Physical Torture and Threats of Torture. Two types of physical
torture are distinguishable more by their psychological effect in induc-
ing conflict than by the degree of painfulness:

     a. The first type is one in which the victim has a passive role
in the pain inflicted on him (e.g.,beatings). His conflict involves the
decision of whether or not to give in to demands in order to avoid further
pain. Generally, brutality of this type was not found to achieve the
desired results. Threats of torture were found more effective, as fear
of pain causes greater conflict within the individual than does pain it-
self.

                                   3



                                               OA 53-37 

     b. The second type of torture is represented by requiring the
individual to stand in one spot for several hours or assume some other
pain-inducing position. Such a requirement often engenders in the indi-
vidual a determination to "stick it out." This internal act of resistance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
provide a feeling of moral superiority at first. As time passes and his
pain mounts,however, the individual becomes aware that it is his own
original determination to resist that is causing the continuance of pain.
A conflict develops within the individual between his moral determination
and his desire to collapse and discontinue the pain. It is this extra
internal conflict, in addition to the conflict over whether or not to give
in to the demands made of him, that tends to make this method of torture
more effective in the breakdown of the individual personality.

   3. Isolation. Individual differences in reaction to isolation are
probably greater than to any other method. Some individuals appear to
be able to withstand prolonged periods of isolation without deleterious
effects, while a relatively short period of isolation reduces others to
the verge of psychosis. Reaction varies with the conditions of the iso-
lation cell. Some sources have indicated a strong reaction to filth and
vermin, although they had negligible reactions to the isolation. Others
reacted violently to isolation in relatively clean cells. The predominant
cause of breakdown in such situations is a lack of sensory stimulation
(i.e.,grayness of walls,lack of sound,absence of social contact,etc.).
Experimental subjects exposed to this condition have reported vivid hal-
licinations and overwhelming fears of losing their sanity.

   4. Control of Communication. This is one of the most effective
methods for creating a sense of helplessness and despair. This measure
might well be considered the cornerstone of the communist system of con-
trol. It consists of strict regulation of the mail,reading materials,
broadcast materials, and social contact available to the individual. The
need to communicate is so great that when the usual channels are blocked,
the individual will resort to any open channel, almost regardless of the
implications of using that particular channel. Many POWs in Korea, whose
only act of "collaboration" was to sign petitions and "peace appeals,"
defended their actions on the ground that this was the only method of
letting the outside world know they were still alive. May stated that
their morale and fortitude would have been increased immeasurably had
leaflets of encouragement been dropped to them. When the only contact
with the outside world is via the interrogator, the prisoner comes to
develop extreme dependency on his interrogator and hence loses another
prop to his morale.

    Another wrinkle in communication control is the informer system.
The recruitment of informers in POW camps discouraged communication

                                   4



                                                OA 53-37


between inmates.POWs who feared that every act or thought of resistance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
would be communicated to the camp administrators, lost faith in their
fellow man and were forced to "untrusting individualism." Informers are
also under several stages of brainwashing and  elicitation to develop
and maintain control over the victims.

     5. Induction of Fatigue. This is a well-known device for breaking
will power and critical powers of judgment. Deprivation of sleep results
in more intense psychological debilitation than does any other method of
engendering fatigue. The communists vary their methods. "Conveyor belt"
interrogation that last 50-60 hours will make almost any individual com-
promise, but there is danger that this will kill the victim. It is safer
to conduct interrogations of 8-10 hours at night while forcing the prisoner
to remain awake during the day. Additional interruptions in the remaining
2-3 hours of allotted sleep quickly reduce the most resilient individual .
Alternate administration of drug stimulants and depressants hastens the  
process of fatigue and sharpens the psychological reactions of excitement
and depression.

      Fatigue, in addition to reducing the will to resist,also produces
irritation and fear that arise from increased "slips of the tongue." for-
getfulness, and decreased ability to maintain orderly thought processes.

     6. Control of Food,Water and Tobacco. The controlled individual
is made intensely aware of his dependence upon his interrogator for the
quality and quantity of his food and tobacco. The exercise of this con-
trol usually follows a pattern. No food and little or no water is per-
mitted the individual for several days prior to interrogation.When the
prisoner first complains of this to the interrogator, the latter expresses
surprise at such inhumane treatment. He makes a demand of the prisoner.
If the latter complies,he receives a good meal. If he does not, he gets
a diet of unappetizing food containing limited vitamins,minerals, and
calories. This diet is supplemented occasionally by the interrogator if
the prisoner "cooperates." Studies of controlled starvation indicate
that the whole value-system of the subjects underwent a change. Their
irritation increased as their ability to think clearly decreased. The
control of tobacco presented an even greater source of conflict for heavy
smokers. Because tobacco is not necessary to life, being manipulated by
his craving for it can in the individual a strong sense of guilt.

     7. Criticism and Self-Criticism. There are mechanisms of communist
thought control. Self-criticism gains its effectiveness from the fact
that although it is not a crime for a man to be wrong, it is a major crime
to be stubborn and to refuse to learn. Many individuals feel intensely re-
lieved in being able to share their sense of guilt. Those   individuals

                                   5



                                                OA 53-37

however, who have adjusted to handling their guilt internally have dif-
ficulty adapting to criticism and self-criticism. In brainwashing ,after
a sufficient sense of guilt has been created in the individual, sharing
and self-criticism permit relief. The price paid for this relief, how-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ever, is loss of individuality and increased dependency.

     8. Hypnosis and Drugs as Controls. There is no reliable evidence
that the communists are making widespread use of drugs or hypnosis in
brainwashing or elicitation. The exception to this is the use of common
stimulants or depressants in inducing fatigue and "mood swings."

     9. Other methods of control, which when used in conjunction with the
basic processes, hasten the deterioration of prisoners' sense of values
and resistance are:

            a. Requiring a case history or autobiography of the prisoner
provides a mine of information for the interrogator in establishing and
"documenting" accusations.

            b. Friendliness of the interrogator , when least expected, up-
sets the prisoner's ability to maintain a critical attitude.

            c. Petty demands, such as severely limiting the allotted time
for use of toilet facilities or requiring the POW to kill hundreds of
flies, are harassment methods.

            d. Prisoners are often humiliated by refusing them the use of
toilet facilities during interrogator until they soil themselves. often
prisoners were not permitted to bathe for weeks until they felt contempti-
ble.

            e. Conviction as a war criminal appears to be a potent factor
in creating despair in the individual. One official analysis of the pres-
sures exerted by the ChiComs on "confessors" and "non-confessors" to
participation in bacteriological warfare in Korea showed that actual trial
and conviction of "war crimes" was overwhelmingly associated with breakdown
and confession.

            f. Attempted elicitation of protected information at various
times during the brainwashing process diverted the individual from aware-
ness of the deterioration of his value-system. The fact that, in most
cases, the ChiComs did not want or need such intelligence was not known
to the prisoner. His attempts to protect such information was made at
the expense of hastening his own breakdown.

                                   6




                                                OA 53-37

THE EXERCISE OF CONTROL: A "SCHEDULE" FOR BRAINWASHING
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     From the many fragmentary accounts reviewed, the following appears
to be the most likely description of what occurs during brainwashing .

     In the period immediately following capture, the captors are faced
with the problem of deciding on best ways of exploitation of the prisoners.
Therefore, early treatment is similar both for those who are to be exploited
through elicitation and those who are to undergo brainwashing. concurrently
with being interrogated and required to write a detailed personal history,
the prisoner undergoes a physical and psychological "softening-up" which
includes: limited unpalatable food rations,withholding of tobacco,possi-
ble work details,severely inadequate use of toilet facilities, no use of
facilities for personal cleanliness,limitation of sleep such as requiring
a subject to sleep with a bright light in his eyes. Apparently the inter-
rogation and autobiographical ,material, the reports of the prisoner's be-
haviour in confinement, and tentative "personality typing" by the interro-
gators, provide the basis upon which exploitation plans are made.

     There is a major difference between preparation for elicitation and
for brainwashing .Prisoners exploited through elicitation must retain suffi-
cient clarity of thought to be able to give coherent,factual accounts. In
brainwashing , on the other hand, the first thing attacked is clarity of
thought. To develop a strategy of defense, the controlled individual must
determine what plans have been made for his exploitation. Perhaps the best
cues he can get are internal reactions to the pressures he undergoes.

     The most important aspect of the brainwashing process is the interro-
gation. The other pressures are designed primarily to help the interrogator
achieve his goals. The following states are created systematically within
the individual . These may vary in order, but all are necessary to the
brainwashing process:

     1. A feeling of helplessness in attempting to deal with the impersonal
machinery of control.

     2. An initial reaction of "surprise."

     3. A feeling of uncertainty about what is required of him.

     4. A developing feeling of dependence upon the interrogator .

     5. A sense of doubt and loss of objectivity.

     6. Feelings of guilt.

                                   7





                                                OA 53-37

     7. A questioning attitude toward his own value-system.

     8. A feeling of potential "breakdown," i.e.,that he might go crazy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     9. A need to defend his acquired principles.

    10. A final sense of "belonging" (identification).

     A feeling of helplessness in the face of the impersonal machinery
of control is carefully engendered within the prisoner. The individual
who receives the preliminary treatment described above not only begins
to feel like an "animal" but also feels that nothing can be done about
it. No one pays any personal attention to him. His complaints fall on
deaf ears. His loss of communication, if he has been isolated, creates
a feeling that he has been "forgotten." Everything that happens to him
occurs according to an impersonal; time schedule that has nothing to do
with his needs. The voices and footsteps of the guards are muted. He
notes many contrasts,e.g.,his greasy,unpalatable food may be served
on battered tin dishes by guards immaculately dressed in white. The
first steps in "depersonalization" of the prisoner have begun. He has
no idea what to expect. Ample opportunity is allotted for him to ruminate
upon all the unpleasant or painful things that could happen to him. He
approaches the main interrogator with mixed feelings of relief and
fright.

     Surprise is commonly used in the brainwashing process. The prisoner
is rarely prepared for the fact that the interrogators are usually friendly
and considerate at first. They make every effort to demonstrate that
they are reasonable human beings. Often they apologize for bad treatment
received by the prisoner and promise to improve his lot if he, too, is
reasonable. This behaviour is not what he has steeled himself for. He
lets down some of his defenses and tries to take a reasonable attitude.
The first occasion he balks at satisfying a request of the interrogator ,
however, he is in for another surprise. The formerly reasonable inter-
rogator unexpectedly turns into a furious maniac. The interrogator is
likely to slap the prisoner or draw his pistol and threaten to shoot him.
Usually this storm of emotion ceases as suddenly as it began and the in-
terrogator stalks from the room. These surprising changes create doubt
in the prisoner as to his very ability to perceive another person's moti-
vations correctly. His next interrogation probably will be marked by im-
passivity in the interrogator 's mien.

     A feeling of uncertainty about what is required of him is likewise
carefully engendered within the individual . Pleas of the prisoner to
learn specifically of what he is accused and by whom are side-stepped by

                                         8



                                                OA 53-37

the  interrogator. Instead, the prisoner is asked to tell why he thinks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
he is held and what he feels he is guilty of. If the prisoner fails to
come up with anything, he is accused in terms of broad generalities (e.g.,
espionage, sabotage,acts of treason against the "people"). This us-
ually provokes the prisoner to make some statement about his activities.
If this take the form of a denial, he is usually sent to isolation on
further decreased food rations to "think over" his crimes. This process
can be repeated again and again. As soon as the prisoner can think of
something that might be considered self-incriminating, the interrogator
appears momentarily satisfied. The prisoner is asked to write down his
statement in his own words and sign it.

     Meanwhile a strong sense of dependence upon the interrogator is
developed. It does not take long for the prisoner to realize that the
interrogator is the source of all punishment , all gratification,and all
communication. The interrogator , meanwhile,demonstrates his unpredict-
bility. He is perceived by the prisoner as a creature of whim. At
times, the interrogator can be pleased very easily and at other times
no effort on the part of the prisoner will placate him. The prisoner
may begin to channel so much energy into trying to predict the behaviour
of the unpredictable interrogator that he loses track of what is happen-
ing inside himself.

     After the prisoner has developed the above psychological and emotional
reactions to a sufficient degree, the brainwashing begins in earnest.
First, the prisoner's remaining critical faculties must be destroyed.
He undergoes long, fatiguing interrogations while looking at a bright
light. He is called back again and again for interrogations after min-
imal sleep. He may undergo torture that tends to create internal con-
flict. Drugs may be used to accentuate his "mood swings." He develops
depression when the interrogator is being kind and becomes euphoric when
the interrogator is threatening the direst penalties. Then the cycle is
reversed. The prisoner finds himself in a constant state of anxiety
which prevents him from relaxing even when he is permitted to sleep.
Short periods of isolation now bring on visual and auditory  hallucinations.
The prisoner feels himself losing his objectivity. It is in this state
that the prisoner must keep up an endless argument with the interrogator .
He may be faced with the confessions of other individuals who "collabo-
rated" with him in his crimes. The prisoner seriously begins to doubts
his own memory. This feeling is heightened by his inability to recall
little things like the names of the people he knows very well or the date 
of his birth. The interrogator patiently sharpens this feeling of doubt
by more questioning. This tends to create a serious state of uncertainty
when the individual has lost most of his critical faculties.

                                   9



                                                OA 53-37

     The prisoner must undergo additional internal conflict when strong
feelings of guilt are aroused within him. As any clinical psychologist
is aware, it is not at all difficult to create such feelings. Military
servicemen are particularly vulnerable. No one can morally justify kill-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ing even in wartime. The usual justification is on the grounds of neces-
sity or self-defense. The interrogator is careful to circumvent such
justification. He keeps the interrogation directed toward the prisoner's
moral code. Every moral vulnerability is exploited by incessant question-
ing along this line until the prisoner begins to question the very fun-
damentals of his own value-system. The prisoner must constantly fight a
potential breakdown. He finds that his mind is "going blank" for longer
and longer periods of time. He can not think constructively. If he is
to maintain any semblance of psychological integrity, he must bring to
an end this state of interminable internal conflict. He signifies a
willingness to write a confession.

     If this were truly the end, no brainwashing would have occurred.
The individual would simply have given in to intolerable pressure. Ac-
tually, the final stage of the brainwashing process has just begun. No
matter what the prisoner writes in his confession the interrogator is
not satisfied. The interrogator questions every sentence of the confes-
sion. He begins to edit it with the prisoner. The prisoner is forced
to argue against every change. This is the essence of brainwashing.
Every time that he gives in on a point to the interrogator, he must re-
write his whole confession. Still the interrogator is not satisfied.
In a desperate attempt to maintain some semblance of integrity and to
avoid further brainwashing, the prisoner must begin to argue that what
he has already confessed to is true. He begins to accept as his own the
statements he has written. He uses many of the interrogator's earlier
arguments to buttress his position. By this process,identification
with the interrogator's value-system becomes complete. It is extremely
important to recognize that a qualitative change has taken place within
the prisoner. The brainwashed victim does not consciously change his
value-system; rather the change occurs despite his efforts. He is no
more responsible for this change than is an individual who "snaps" and
becomes psychotic. And like the psychotic, the prisoner is not even
aware of the transition.

DEFENSIVE MEASURES OTHER THAN ON THE POLICY AND PLANNING LEVEL

   1.  Training of Individuals potentially subject to communist control.

       Training should provide for the trainee a realistic appraisal
of what control pressures the communists are likely to exert and what
the usual human reactions are to such pressures. The trainee must learn


                                  10



                                                OA 53-37

the most effective ways of combatting his own reactions to such pressures
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
and he must learn reasonable expectations as to what his behaviour should
be. Training has two decidedly positive effects; first, it provides the
trainee with ways of combatting control; second, it provides the basis
for developing an immeasurable boost in morale. Any positive action that
the individual can take, even if it is only slightly effective, gives him
a sense of control over a situation that is otherwise controlling him.

    2.  Training must provide the individual with the means of 
recognizing realistic goals for himself.

        a. Delay in yielding may be the only achievement that can be
hoped for. In any particular operation, the agent needs the support of
knowing specifically how long he must hold out to save an operation, pro-
tect his cohorts, or gain some other goal.

        b. The individual should be taught how to achieve the most favor-
able treatment and how to behave and make necessary concessions to
obtain minimum penalties.

        c. Individual behavioural responses to the various communist
control pressures differ markedly. Therefore, each trainee should know
his own particular assets and limitations in resisting specific  pressures.
He can learn these only under laboratory conditions simulating the actual
pressures he may have to face.

        d. Training must provide knowledge of the goals and the restric-
tions placed upon his communist interrogator. The trainee should know
what controls are on his interrogator and to what extent he can  manipulate
the interrogator. For example, the interrogator is not permitted to fail
to gain "something" from the controlled individual. The knowledge that,
after the victim has proved that he is a "tough nut to crack" he can some-
times indicate that he might compromise on some little point to help the
interrogator in return for more favorable treatment, may be useful in-
deed. Above all, the potential victim of communist control can gain a
great deal of psychological support from the knowledge that the communist
interrogator is not a completely free agent who can do whatever he wills
with his victim.

        e. The trainee must learn what practical cues might aid him in
recognizing the specific goals of his interrogator. The strategy of defense
against elicitation may differ markedly from the strategy to prevent
brainwashing. To prevent elicitation, the individual may hasten his own
state of mental confusion; whereas, to prevent brainwashing, maintaining
clarity of thought processes is imperative.

                                  11




                                                OA 53-37


        f. The trainee should obtain knowledge about communist "carrots"
as well as "sticks." The communists keep certain of their promises and al-
ways renege on others. For example, the demonstrable fact that  "informers"
receive no better treatment than other prisoners should do much to  prevent
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this particular evil. On the other hand, certain meaningless concessions
will often get a prisoner a good meal.

        g. In particular, it should be emphasized to the trainee that,
although little can be done to control the pressures exerted upon him, he
can learn something about controlling his personal reactions to specific
pressures. The trainee can gain much from learning something about in-
ternal conflict and conflict-producing mechanisms. He should learn to
recognize when someone is trying to arouse guilt feelings and what be-
havioural reactions can occur as a response to guilt.

        h. Finally, the training must teach some methods that can be utilized
in thwarting particular communist control techniques:

     Elicitation. In general, individuals who are the hardest to inter-
rogate for information are those who have experienced previous interroga-
tions. Practice in being the victim of interrogation is a sound train-
ing device.

     Torture. The trainee should learn something about the principles of
pain and shock. There is a maximum to the amount of pain that can actually
be felt. Any amount of pain can be tolerated for a limited period of
time. In addition, the trainee can be fortified by the knowledge that there
are legal limitations upon the amount of torture that can be inflicted
by communist jailors.

     Isolation. The psychological effects of isolation can probably be
thwarted best by mental gymnastics and systematic efforts on the part of
the isolate to obtain stimulation for his neural end organs.

     Controls on Food and Tobacco. Foods given by the communists will
always be enough to maintain survival. Sometimes the victim gets unex-
pected opportunities to supplement his diet with special minerals,vitamins
and other nutrients (e.g.,"iron" from the rust of prison bars). In some
instances, experience has shown that individuals could exploit refusal to
eat. Such refusal usually resulted in the transfer of the individual to 
a hospital where he received vitamin injections and nutritious food. Evi-
dently attempts of this kind to commit suicide arouse the greatest concern
in communist officials. If deprivation of tobacco is the control being
exerted. the victim can gain moral satisfaction from "giving up" tobacco.
He can't lose since he is not likely to get any anyway.


                                         12



                                                OA 53-37

     Fatigue. The trainee should learn reactions to fatigue and how to
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
overcome them insofar as possible. For example, mild physical exercise
"clears the head" in a fatigue state.

     Writing Personal Accounts and Self-Criticism. Experience has in-
dicated that one of the most effective ways of combatting these pressures
is to enter into the spirit with an overabundance of enthusiasm. Endless
written accounts of inconsequential material have virtually "smothered"
some eager interrogators. In the same spirit, sober, detailed self-
criticisms of the most minute "sins" has sometimes brought good results.

     Guidance as to the priority of positions he should defend. Perfectly
compatible responsibilities in the normal execution of an individual's
duties may become mutually incompatible in this situation. Take the ex-
ample of a senior grade military officer. He has the knowledge of sensitive
strategic intelligence which it is his duty to protect. He has the respon-
sibility of maintaining the physical fitness of his men and serving as
a model example for their behaviour. The officer may go to the camp
commandant to protest the treatment of the POWs and the commandant as-
sures him that treatment could be improved if he will swap something for
it. Thus to satisfy one responsibility he must compromise another. The
officer, in short, is in a constant state of internal conflict. But if
the officer is given the relative priority of his different responsibilities,
he is supported by the knowledge that he won't be held accountable for
any other behaviour if he does his utmost to carry out his highest priority
responsibility. There is considerable evidence that many individuals
tried to evaluate the priority of their responsibilities on their own,
but were in conflict over whether others would subsequently accept their
evaluations. More than one individual was probably brainwashed while he
was trying to protect himself against elicitation.

CONCLUSIONS

     The application of known psychological principles can lead to an
understanding of brainwashing.

     1.  There is nothing mysterious about personality changes resulting
from the brainwashing process.

     2.  Brainwashing is a complex process. Principles of motivation,
perception, learning, and physiological deprivation are needed to account
for the results achieved in brainwashing.

     3.  Brainwashing is an involuntary re-education of the fundamental
beliefs of the individual. To attack the problem successfully, the brain-
washing process must be differentiated clearly from general education
methods for thought-control or mass indoctrination, and elicitation.


                                  13



                                                OA 53-37

     4. It appears possible for the individual,through training,to
develop limited defensive techniques against brainwashing. Such defensive
measures are likely to be most effective if directed toward thwarting in-
dividual emotional reactions to brainwashing techniques rather than to-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ward thwarting the techniques themselves.







    15 August 1955



                                         14




 =====================================================================
(note Declassified)

                                     SECRET

                          CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
                             WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

                               19 JUN 1964


                                       (Commission No. 1131)



        MEMORANDUM FOR: Mr. J. Lee Rankin
                        General Counsel
                        President's Commission on the
                        Assassination of President Kennedy


        SUBJECT       : Soviet Brainwashing Techniques


            1.  Reference is made to your memorandum of 19 May 1964,
    requesting that materials relative to Soviet techniques in mind
    conditioning and brainwashing be made available to the Commission.

            2.  At my request, experts on these subjects within the CIA
    have prepared a brief survey of Soviet research in the direction
    and control of human behavior, a copy of which is attached. The
    Commission may retain this document. Please note that the use 
    of certain sensitive materials requires that a sensitivity indicator
    be affixed.

            3.  In the immediate future, this Agency will make available
    to you a collection of overt and classified materials on these  subjects,
    which the Commission may retain.

            4.  I hope that these documents will be responsive to the
    Commission's needs.

                                                (SIGNED)

      (DECLASSIFIED)                            Richard Helms
        (By C.I.A.)                         Deputy Director for Plans
    (letter of ___________)
    (---------------------)


    Attachment


    CD  1131                 SECRET






    MEMORANDUM

    SUBJECT: Soviet Research and Development in the Field of
             Direction and Control of Human Behavior.




            1.  There are two major methods of altering or controlling
    human behavior, and the Soviets are interested in both. The first
    is psychological; the second, pharmacological. The two may be
    used as individual methods or for mutual reinforcement. For
    long-term control of large numbers of people, the former method
    is more promising than the latter. In dealing with individuals,
    the U.S. experience suggests the pharmacological approach (assisted
    by psychological techniques) would be the only effective method.
    Neither method would be very effective for single individuals on
    a long term basis.

            2.  Soviet research on the pharmacological agents producing
    behavioral effects has consistently lagged about five years behind
    Western research. They have been interested in such research,
    however, and are now pursuing research on such chemicals as
    LSD-25, amphetamines, tranquillizers, hypnotics, and similar
    materials. There is no present evidence that the Soviets have 
    any singular, new, potent drugs to force a course of action on
    an individual. They are aware, however, of the tremendous drive
    produced by drug addiction, and PERHAPS could couple this with
    psychological direction to achieve control of an individual.

            3.  The psychological aspects of behavior control would include
    not only conditioning by repetition and training, but such things as
    hypnosis, deprivation, isolation, manipulation of guilt feelings,
    subtle or overt threats, social pressure, and so on. Some of the
    newer trends in the USSR are as follows:



                        SECRET                          CD 1131
                                                        PAGE 1


                a. The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach integrating
    biological,social and physical-mathematical research in attempts
    better to understand, and eventually, to control human behavior in a
    manner consonant with national plans.

                b. The outstanding feature, in addition to the inter-
    disciplinary approach, is a new concern for mathematical approaches to
    an understanding of behavior. Particularly notable are attempts to use
    modern information theory, automata theory, and feedback concepts in
    interpreting the mechanisms by which the "second signal system," i.e.,
    speech and associated phenomena, affect human behavior. Implied by this
    "second signal system," using INFORMATION inputs as causative agents
    rather than chemical agents, electrodes or other more exotic techniques
    applicable, perhaps, to individuals rather than groups.

                c. This new trend, observed in the early Post-Stalin Period,
    continues. By 1960 the word "cybernetics" was used by the Soviets to
    designate this new trend. This new science is considered by some as
    the key to understanding the human brain and the product of its
    functioning--psychic activity and personality--to the development of
    means for controlling it and to ways for molding the character of the
    "New Communist Man". As one Soviet author puts it: Cybernetics can be
    used in "molding of a child's character, the inculcation of knowledge
    and techniques, the amassing of experience, the establishment of social
    behavior patterns...all functions which can be summarized as 'control' 
    of the growth process of the individual." 1/Students of particular
    disciplines in the USSR, such as psychologist and social scientists,
    also support the general cybernetic trend. 2/ (Blanked by CIA)

            4.  In summary, therefore, there is no evidence that the  Soviets
    have any techniques or agents capable of producing particular  behavioral
    patterns which are not available in the West. Current research indi-
    cates that the Soviets are attempting to develop a technology for
    controlling the development of behavioral patterns among the citizenry
    of the USSR in accordance with politically determined requirements of
    the system. Furthermore, the same technology can be applied to more
    sophisticated approaches to the "coding" of information for transmittal
    to population targets in the "battle for the minds of men." Some of the
    more esoteric techniques such as ESP or, as the Soviets call it,
    "biological radio-communication", and psychogenic agents such as LSD,



                                SECRET          CD  1131
                                                PAGE 2




    are receiving some overt attention with, possibly, applications in mind
    for individual behavior control under clandestine conditions. However,
    we require more information than is currently available in order to
    establish or disprove planned or actual applications of various
    methodologies by Soviet scientists to the control of actions of
    articular individuals.



                           References

    1.  Itelson, Lev, "Pedagogy: An Exact Science?" USSR October 1963,
        p. 10.
    2.  Borzek, Joseph, "Recent Developments in Soviet Psychology,"
        Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 15, 1964, p. 493-594.





                               SECRET          CD  1131

                                                PAGE 3










        The  first  letter  and  attachment  are   from   DECLASSIFIED 
        DOCUMENTS 1984 microfilms under MKULTRA (84) 002258, published 
        by  Research Publication Woodbridge,  CT 06525.  Some original
        markings were not retyped, but the content is the same.  

        The  second  letter  and  attachment  are  from   the   Warren 
        Commission  documents.  Notice should be paid to the different 
        tone Helms gives to his letter,  keeping in mind he was  found 
        guilty  of  lying  to Congress.  He places greater emphasis on 
        "Soviet" practices and tries to diminish breakthroughs  gained 
        by  Americans.  Some  thought  should  be  given as to WHY the 
        Warren Commission  sought  such  documents  (remembering  that 
        ALLEN  DULLES  was  a  member  of that Commission).  They were 
        exploring the Manchurian candidate  theory.  It  was  revealed 
        during  the  Church  Committee hearings of 1975 that Helms had 
        been in charge of Project AMLASH,  a  program  to  assassinate 
        Castro  (Cuba),Trujillo  (Dominican  Republic),   Diem  (RVN), 
        Schneider (Chile) using MAFIA figures John Roselli and  Santos 
        Trafficante to do the job.  

        Care was used to insure lines appear in same length and order.
        Page length will have to be adjusted if you desire to print
        this. Look for other specials soon. David John Moses.



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